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Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

There are eight different parts of speech in the English language: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections and articles. The parts of speech describe the function of a word, not its meaning. One word can have different functions. The function depends on how a word is used in a sentence. For example: the word fast can be an adverb or an adjective. In the sentence The dog runs fast., fast is an adverb. In the sentence It's a fast dog., fast is an adjective. Learn more by using our extensive study material on the eight parts of speech.
 

Verbs

Every sentence needs a verb. Verbs describe an action or a state: She comes late. He is a young boy.. The most common verbs in the English language are to be, to have (got), to like.

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Nouns

Nouns are words that refer to things (like house, door, car), people (like woman, boy, doctor), animals (like cat, dog, horse) or abstract terms (like feeling, pain, love).
 

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Prepositions

Prepositions are words that express a relation.
 
Some express a location, like in, on, at, others express a direction, like up, down, across.

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Articles

Articles are words that you use with nouns. An article determines the noun. There is the definite article the and there are the indefinite articles a, an.

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Sentence structure

With all these parts of speech, you can form various sentences.
There are 4 different types of sentences:
  • statements
  • orders
  • questions
  • exclamations
 

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Source: http://www.learning-english-online.net/areas/grammar/parts-of-speech-and-sentence-structure/
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